Code Examples

Procedural Programming

module Fibonacci
  proc calc*(n : integer): integer
    var a, b: integer // comma is optional
  begin
    if n > 1 then 
      a := calc(n - 1)
      b := calc(n - 2)
      return a + b
    elsif n = 0 then 
      return 0
    else 
      return 1
    end
  end calc
  var res: integer
begin
  res := calc(21)
  assert(res = 10946)
end Fibonacci

Generic Programming

module Collections(T) 
  type Deque* = pointer to record
                      data: pointer to array of T
                      size: integer end
  proc createDeque*(): Deque 
    const initial_len = 50
    var this: Deque  // this is initialized to nil
  begin 
    new(this); new(this.data,initial_len) 
             // semicolon is optional
    return this 
    // this and data will be garbage collected
  end createDeque
  
  proc (this: Deque) append*(in element: T)
  begin 
    if this.size = len(this.data) then assert(false) end
    this.data[this.size] := element inc(this.size) 
  end append
  
  type Iterator* = record end
  proc (var this: Iterator) apply*(in element: T) end
  
  proc (this: Deque) forEach*(var iter: Iterator)
    var i: integer
  begin 
    for i := 0 to this.size-1 do 
      iter.apply(this.data[i]) 
    end
  end forEach
end Collections

Object Oriented Programming

module Drawing
  import F := Fibonacci
         C := Collections(Figure)
  
  type Figure* = pointer to record
                   position: record 
                     x,y: integer end end  
  proc (this: Figure) draw*() end
    
  type
     Circle* = pointer to record (Figure) 
                          diameter: integer end
     Square* = pointer to record (Figure) 
                          width: integer end 
  proc (this: Circle) draw*() end
  proc (this: Square) draw*() end
        
  var figures: C.Deque
       circle: Circle
       square: Square
    
  proc drawAll()
    type I = record(C.Iterator) count: integer end
    proc (var this: I) apply( in figure: Figure ) 
    begin 
      figure.draw(); inc(this.count) 
    end apply
    var i: I // count is initialized to zero
  begin
    figures.forEach(i)
    assert(i.count = 2)
  end drawAll
begin 
  figures := C.createDeque()
  new(circle)
  circle.position.x := F.calc(3)
  circle.position.y := F.calc(4)
  circle.diameter := 3
  figures.append(circle)
  new(square)
  square.position.x := F.calc(5)
  square.position.y := F.calc(6)
  square.width := 4
  figures.append(square)
  drawAll()
end Drawing  

Unicode Support

module Unicode
  var
    str: array 32 of char
    ustr: array 32 of wchar
begin
  str := "Isto é português"
  ustr := "美丽的世界，你好!" + " " + str
  println(ustr) 
  // prints "美丽的世界，你好! Isto é português"
end Unicode

More Examples

If you are looking for representative size examples, see

Documentation

Implementation

A compiler is available which generates CLI/ECMA-335 bytecode and C99 source code. There is also an IDE with semantic navigation, and source and bytecode level debugger (see screenshot).

The Oberon+ Programming Language